Research

The work this is built on.

Every signal in NeuroSpicy traces back to a paper, a model, or a clinician’s observation. 32 sources across 10 themes. We cite them inline in the Learn articles too, because cycle data shouldn’t be hidden in journals.

Foundational

The theoretical models we build on.

  1. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD
    Barkley, R.A.·1997·Psychological Bulletin

    The unifying executive-function theory of ADHD that frames how we think about regulation capacity.

  2. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
    Barkley, R.A.·2015·Guilford Press

    The reference handbook on adult ADHD assessment and treatment.

  3. Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model
    Sergeant, J.A.·2005·Biological Psychiatry

    The cognitive-energetic model: ADHD as a state-regulation problem, not just attention.

  4. Energy Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (EDHD): Reconceptualizing ADHD through the lens of neurobiological energy dysregulation
    Rahimi, V.·2026·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

    Recasts ADHD primarily as energy dysregulation. Direct inspiration for the energy-tracking core of NeuroSpicy.

  5. The dopamine hypothesis for ADHD: An evaluation of evidence
    Multiple·2024·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

    Critical re-evaluation of the dominant dopamine model. Pushed us toward the broader energy-state framing.

Variability & cycles

Why ADHD brains are "consistently inconsistent", and what that pattern looks like.

  1. Intraindividual variability in ADHD and its implications for research of causal links
    Castellanos, F.X. et al.·2011·Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

    The defining paper on within-person variability as a core ADHD signature. Backbone of the Regulation signal.

  2. Hyperactive ADHD symptoms are associated with increased variability in thought content
    Multiple·2025·Psychological Medicine

    Extends Castellanos: variability shows up in cognition itself, not just behavior.

Emotion regulation

Mood as a core ADHD feature, not a comorbid afterthought.

  1. Evidence of emotion dysregulation as a core symptom of adult ADHD: A systematic review
    Surman, C.B.H. et al.·2023·Clinical Psychology Review

    Builds the case that emotion dysregulation belongs in the diagnostic core. Underpins the Mood Shield signal.

  2. Emotion dysregulation in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis
    Beheshti, A. et al.·2020·BMC Psychiatry

    Quantifies the size of the emotion-dysregulation effect across studies.

  3. Emotion processing difficulties in ADHD: a Bayesian meta-analysis study
    Soler-Gutiérrez, A.M. et al.·2025·European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

    Eighty studies confirm emotion processing is reliably harder across ADHD. Why we expect telling feelings apart to take practice.

  4. Alexithymia, emotion processing and social anxiety in adults with ADHD
    Edel, M.A. et al.·2010·European Journal of Medical Research

    Around one in five adults with ADHD struggle to put words to feelings at all. The starting point check-ins train against.

Affect, mood & emotion

The affective science behind treating energy, mood, and emotion as three separate, trainable signals.

  1. Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion
    Russell, J.A.·2003·Psychological Review

    All feeling decomposes into valence and arousal. The theoretical basis for tracking mood and energy as two independent axes, not one scale.

  2. Distinctions between emotion and mood
    Beedie, C., Terry, P. & Lane, A.·2005·Cognition and Emotion

    The defining review on what separates emotion from mood: duration and cause. Behind the "three clocks" framing.

  3. Unpacking Emotion Differentiation: Transforming Unpleasant Experience by Perceiving Distinctions in Negativity
    Kashdan, T.B., Barrett, L.F. & McKnight, P.E.·2015·Current Directions in Psychological Science

    Emotional granularity (naming feelings finely) predicts better regulation. Why we push past good and bad.

  4. Putting Feelings Into Words: Affect Labeling as Implicit Emotion Regulation
    Torre, J.B. & Lieberman, M.D.·2018·Emotion Review

    Naming a feeling turns its volume down on its own. Why a ten-second check-in does real regulatory work.

Interoception

How well you can read your own internal state, often impaired in ADHD.

  1. Diminished Interoceptive Awareness in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review
    Multiple·2025·Journal of Attention Disorders

    Why we ask you to log in the moment, not retrospectively: real-time interoception is harder for ADHD brains.

  2. Interoceptive awareness in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
    Kutscheidt, K. et al.·2019·ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders

    Direct measurement of interoceptive accuracy in adult ADHD.

  3. Interoceptive attention facilitates emotion regulation strategy use
    Karnani, A. et al.·2022·Emotion

    Practicing interoception (which is what tracking is) improves emotion regulation strategies downstream.

Self-tracking & momentary assessment

The methodology behind 10-second check-ins.

  1. Change in Adolescents’ Perceived ADHD Symptoms Across 17 Days of Ecological Momentary Assessment
    Schmid, J.M. et al.·2023·Journal of Attention Disorders

    Validates the EMA approach: short, frequent self-reports surface patterns clinical visits miss.

  2. A novel self-rating instrument designed for long-term, app-based monitoring of ADHD symptoms
    Heron, K.E. et al.·2024·Frontiers in Psychiatry

    Direct precedent for app-based ADHD symptom tracking over months, not days.

Burnout, recovery, and pacing

Why the boom-bust cycle hits ADHD brains hard, and what recovery actually requires.

  1. Stress and work-related mental illness among working adults with ADHD: a qualitative study
    Bjork, A. et al.·2022·BMC Psychiatry

    Maps the specific shape of ADHD burnout in adult work life.

  2. Identifying patterns of recovery experiences and their links to psychological outcomes across one year
    Siltaloppi, M. et al.·2011·International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

    Foundational evidence that recovery is not just rest. Different recovery patterns have different effects.

  3. Activity pacing: moving beyond taking breaks and slowing down
    Antcliff, D. et al.·2018·Quality of Life Research

    Reframes pacing from passive ("rest more") to active ("modulate effort across days").

  4. The effectiveness of activity pacing interventions
    Abonie, U.S. et al.·2022·Disability and Rehabilitation

    Meta-analysis of pacing interventions across chronic conditions.

  5. Game on but pay the price: Hyperfocus, flow, escapism, self-efficacy, and burnout among video gamers with ADHD traits
    Multiple·2026·PubMed (preprint)

    Hyperfocus is a feature, not just a bug. This paper traces the cost when it tips into burnout.

Sleep & circadian

Why ADHD energy patterns are inseparable from the sleep system.

  1. Sleep-Like Slow Waves during Wakefulness Mediate Attention and Vigilance Difficulties in Adult ADHD
    Pinggal, E. et al.·2026·Journal of Neuroscience

    Direct neural evidence that ADHD attention dips look like micro-sleep intrusions.

  2. ADHD as a circadian rhythm disorder: evidence and implications for chronotherapy
    Multiple·2026·Sleep Medicine Reviews

    Frames ADHD partly as a chronobiology problem, supporting our peak-window / dip-window signals.

  3. Intraindividual variability of sleep/wake patterns in adolescents with and without ADHD
    Becker, S.P. et al.·2019·Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology

    Sleep variability is itself a marker. Why we look at weekly patterns, not just daily averages.

Strengths & lived experience

ADHD is not only deficits. The strengths matter for the framing.

  1. The role of psychological strengths in positive life outcomes in adults with ADHD
    Hargitai, L.D. et al.·2025·Psychological Medicine

    Why we celebrate, not just diagnose. The strengths-based framing comes from this line of work.

  2. The importance of friendship for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
    Mikami, A.Y.·2010·Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

    Behind the social features (sharing energy with friends) is research showing connection matters more, not less, for ADHD wellbeing.

  3. More Attention, Less Deficit: Success Strategies for Adults with ADHD
    Tuckman, A.·2009·Specialty Press

    Practical adult-ADHD strategy book that informed early product framing.

Methodology

How we compute what we compute.

  1. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
    Cohen, J.·1988·Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

    Cohen’s d underpins the SD-scaled effect-size approach we use in Energy Drift and Mood Drift.

Voices

People whose work shaped NeuroSpicy.

We’re collecting credits for the researchers, clinicians, and advocates whose work lives inside this product. If you should be on this list (or know who should), tell us.

Read more

See how we apply this in plain language.

The Learn library translates these papers into the day-to-day decisions NeuroSpicy makes for you, like why a certain signal fires, what burnout actually looks like in your data, or how recovery rebuilds capacity.